The tradition of building castells, or human towers, is a defining aspect of Catalonian culture, with deep historical roots and significant cultural importance. Originating in the region of Valls near Tarragona in the late 18th century, the practice of constructing these intricate human towers has become a symbol of Catalonian identity and community spirit. The term “castell” itself is Catalan for “castle,” reflecting the impressive, fortress-like structures formed by human participants.

 The origins of castells can be traced back to the 18th century during local festivals and religious celebrations. Initially, these towers were part of a dance called “Ball dels Valencians,” which included a small tower as a finale. Over time, the tower element evolved into a distinct tradition, with its own set of rules and techniques. By the 19th century, the practice had spread throughout Catalonia, and the first colles, or casteller teams, were established.

 Constructing a castell involves precise teamwork and considerable physical prowess. Each castell is built by layers or “floors” of people standing on the shoulders of those below them. The base, known as the “pinya,” is typically the widest part of the tower and provides stability. Above the pinya, additional layers are added, often involving complex arrangements and formations, culminating with a child, called the “anxaneta,” who climbs to the top and raises a hand to signal the completion of the castell.

 The construction of these human towers is a powerful metaphor for community and cooperation, emphasizing values such as strength, balance, courage, and common sense—referred to in Catalonia as “força, equilibri, valor i seny.” Participants of all ages and backgrounds come together, embodying a sense of unity and mutual support. Each member of the castell plays a vital role, and success depends on their collective effort.

Castells have become a prominent feature of Catalonian festivals and are often performed during local celebrations, including the Santa Tecla Festival in Tarragona and La Mercè in Barcelona. The performance of castells is accompanied by traditional music played on instruments like the gralla (a type of Catalonian oboe) and the timbal (a small drum), adding to the festive atmosphere.

In 2010, UNESCO recognized the cultural significance of castells by inscribing them on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This acknowledgment highlights the tradition’s importance as a living expression of human creativity and cultural diversity.

 Today, the tradition of building castells continues to thrive, with competitions held in cities like Tarragona, where teams from across Catalonia gather to showcase their skill and dedication. These events draw large crowds and are celebrated with great enthusiasm, further cementing castells as a cherished symbol of Catalonian heritage and communal harmony.